Outrigger Canoe
HistoryThe traditional ppao of Tonga.
Hawaiiloa, a double hull sailing canoe built as a replica of Polynesian voyaging canoes.
Outrigger canoes were originally developed by the Austronesian speaking peoples of the islands of Southeast Asia for sea travel, and were used to transport these peoples both eastward to Polynesia and New Zealand and westward across the Indian Ocean as far as Madagascar during the Austronesian migration period. Even today, it is mostly among the Austronesian groups (Malay, Micronesian, Melanesian and Polynesian peoples) that outrigger canoes are used.
Outrigger fishing canoes are also used among certain non-Austronesian groups, like the Sinhala in Sri Lanka, where they are known as oruwa, as well as among some people groups in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The ethnological significance of this spread has been studied by James Hornell.
When Magellan's ships first encountered the Chamorros of the Mariana Islands in 1521, Antonio Pigafetta recorded that the Chamorros' sailboats far surpassed Magellan's in speed and maneuverability.
The Polynesian Voyaging Society has two double hull sailing canoes, Hklea and Hawaiiloa, and sails them between various islands in the Pacific using traditional Polynesian navigation methods without instruments.
The technology has persisted into the modern age. Outrigger canoes can be quite large fishing or transport vessels, and in the Philippines, outrigger canoes (called bangka, parao or balanghai) are often fitted with petrol engines. The links between seafaring and outrigger canoes in the Philippines extend through to political life, in which the smallest political unit in the country still called Barangay after the historical Balangai outrigger proas used in the original migrations of the first Austronesian peoples across the archipelago and beyond.
Modern sport use
Outrigger canoe racing has become a popular canoeing sport, with numerous clubs located around the world. Outrigger Canoe Racing is the State sport of Hawaii and an interscholastic high school sport. In Hawaii entire families participate in summer regattas with age groups from manini (children as young as 6 with an adult steersperson) and age 12 through age 60+.
Major races in Hawai'i include the Molokai Hoe (43 mi/69 km men's race from the island of Molokai to Oahu across the Kaiwi Channel), Na Wahine O Ke Kai (same race for women) and the Queen Liliuokalani Race held near Kona on the Island of Hawaii.
Racing outrigger canoes. The canoe in the front right, with a narrower hull and smaller body, is a single person outrigger canoe, or OC1. The other canoes are six person outrigger canoes, or OC6.
Six person outrigger canoes (or OC6) are among the most common used for sport use; single person outrigger canoes (or OC1) are also very common. Two and four person outrigger canoes are also sometimes used, and two six person outrigger canoes are sometimes rigged together like a catamaran to form a twelve person double canoe.
Modern OC6 hulls and amas are commonly made from glass-reinforced plastic. However, some canoes are made of more traditional materials. In Ancient Hawaii, canoes were carved from the trunks of very old koa trees. These canoes, although rare, are still very much in use today. The iako are usually made of wood; the iako-ama and iako-hull connections are typically done with rope wrapped and tied in interlocking fashion to reduce the risk of the connection coming completely apart if the rope breaks.
Modern OC1 hulls and amas are commonly made from glass-reinforced plastic, carbon fiber reinforced plastic, and/or Kevlar to produce a strong but light canoe. OC1 are often made with rudders operated by foot pedals. More traditional designs do not have rudders. OC1 commonly use iako made of aluminium, with a mechanism for quickly assembling and disassembling the canoe (snap buttons, large wing nuts, etc.).
See also
Canoe sailing
Ama and Aka
Pirogue
Proa
Vinta
Catamaran
Oruwa
Jukung
References
^ Gerhard Kapitn, Records of native craft in Sri Lanka: The single outrigger fishing canoe oruwaart 2.2: Rowed, paddled and poled oru, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, Vol. 18
^ Irenus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Land of a Thousand Atolls: A Study of Marine Life in the Maldive and Nicobar Islands, World Publishing Co., Cleveland and New York, 1964.
Further reading
Gary Dierking (2007) Building Outrigger Sailing Canoes, McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-148791-7
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Outrigger canoes
Polynesian Voyaging Society
Takia Outrigger Canoe Club Fiji
Northern California Outrigger Canoe Association
Hawai'i Association and Race Links
Hawaiian Canoe Racing Association
Queen Lili'uokalani Canoe Race (Kai 'Opua)
Moloka'i Hoe
Na Wahine O Ke Kai
Japan Outrigger Canoe Network
World of Boats at Eyemouth ~ Outrigger Canoes:
Tongan Pao Pao
Fijian Proa
Traditional Papuan Single Outrigger
Original Outrigger Canoe (Drua) in the Fiji Museum
An Introduction to Outrigger Canoe Paddling
Orchid Outriggers - Experience photo tours in handmade outrigger canoes on the central coast of California.
An interactive for kids featuring a traditional outrigger canoe commissioned by the National Museum of Australia
Dragon Boat and Outrigger Canoe website
"The Longest Canoe Paddle in Modern History" Article about outrigger canoe trip to the Northwest Hawaiian Islands Hawai'i. Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine Vol. 11, No. 1 (January 2007).
"Canoes That Carve" Article about surfing outrigger canoes Hawai'i. Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine Vol. 11, No. 3 (May 2007).
"Master Strokes." Article about outrigger canoe club in Haleiwa, Hawai'i. Hana Hou! Vol. 10, No. 3 (June/July 2007).
new hope outrigger - Complete online resource to the sport and history of outrigger canoeing.
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Types of sailing vessels and rigs
Barca-longa Barque Barquentine Bermuda rig Bermuda sloop Bilander Brig Brigantine Caravel Carrack Catamaran Catboat Clipper Dutch Clipper Cog Corvette Cutter Dhow Dinghy East Indiaman Felucca Fifie Fluyt Fore & Aft Rig Frigate Full Rigged Ship Fusta Gaff Rig Galeas Galiot Galleon Gunter Rig Hermaphrodite Brig Herring Buss Hoy Jackass-barque Junk Ketch Longship Lugger Man-of-war Mast Aft Rig Mersey Flat Multihull Nao Nordland Norfolk Punt Norfolk Wherry Pausik Pilot Cutter Pink Pinnace Pocket Cruiser Polacca Pram Proa Punt Razee Sailing barge Sailing hydrofoil Schooner Ship of the Line Sixareen Sgoth Shitik Sloop Sloop-of-war Smack Snow Square Rig Tall Ship Thames Sailing Barge Trailer sailer Trimaran Vinta Well smack Wherry Windjammer Windsurfer Xebec Yacht Yawl Yoal
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List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania
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Broad culture
areca nut Kava culture kava, [" awa" (Hawaii), " ava" (Smoa), "yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei)] Lapita Mori Polynesia Polynesian navigation wood carving
Geo-specific, general
Australia Australian Aboriginal astronomy Austronesia Caroline Islands, -Pwo Chatham Islands Cook Islands Easter Island Fiji, -Lau Islands, -traditions and ceremonies Guam Hawaii, -Lomilomi massage Kiribati French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands Marshall Islands, -Stick charts of Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand Niue Norfolk Island Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Smoa Solomon Islands Tonga Torres Strait Islands Tuvalu Vanuatu Wallis and Futuna Yap, -navigation, -Weriyeng navigation school
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Canoeing and kayaking
Main sports
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Olympics
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Other sports
Creeking Dragon boat Extreme Freeboating Outrigger canoeing Surf ski Surf kayaking Snowkayak Squirt boating
International Canoe Federation
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Recreation
Small-craft Sailing Whitewater canoeing/kayaking Sea kayak Canoe camping Kayak fishing Kayak diving Kayak Walk Dongola racing Canoe orienteering Canoe livery or rental Crossing the Ditch
Modern boat types
Canoe Kayak Concrete canoe Flyak Folding kayak International Canoe Malia (Hawaiian canoe) Recreational kayak Sprint canoe
Traditional boat types
Aleutian kayak Baidarka Cayuco Chundan Vallam Outrigger canoe Sturgeon-nosed canoe Taimen Umiak Waka War canoe
Manoeuvres & techniques
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Meteorology & sea states
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Kayakers
Jimmy Blakeney Tyler Bradt Paul Caffyn Tad Dennis Chris Duff Douglas C. Gordon tpnka Hilgertov Freya Hoffmeister Eric Jackson Ramo Kolenovi Brad Ludden Andrew McAuley Mark Pollock Alex Prostko Oskar Speck Rush Sturges Todd Wells Nicholas Wiechern Clay Wright Alexander Yermilov
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Competitions
List of world records in canoeing 2006 South American Games 2006 Asian Games Adirondack Canoe Classic Au Sable River Canoe Marathon Devizes to Westminster International Canoe Marathon Dusi Canoe Marathon Hawkesbury Canoe Classic Murray Marathon National Student Rodeo Thameside Series Waterside Series
Suppliers & manufacturers
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Notable clubs
Burloak Canoe Club Canoe Cruisers Association Forth Canoe Club Kingston Royals Dragon Boat Racing Club Manchester Canoe Club Philadelphia Canoe Club Rideau Canoe Club Royal Canoe Club Viking Kayak Club
Other canoe/kayak organisations
Association of International Paddle Sport Federations Canadian Canoe Museum International Dragon Boat Federation Sir Alexander Mackenzie Canada Sea-to-Sea Bicentennial Expeditions UK Rivers Access Campaign
In the arts
Chasse-galerie Men, Rivers and Canoes Paddle-to-the-Sea The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes Waterwalker
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